Silicones And Solar Power Engineering Essay

AbstractionThis study aims to discourse the subject of solar power and silicones. In that it aims to discourse the development of solar energy extraction engineering over the clip period of fifteenth Century BC to show twenty-four hours. Besides included in this study are brief treatments of the types of solar aggregators presently in usage and the developing engineerings in this field. It further addresses the subject of silicones. First it will dissect the formation of silicones. The assorted procedures involved in the industry, and polish of Silicones. One of the purposes of this study is to discourse the multi-functionality of Silicones and their utilizations in industry, and specifically to turn to the issue of the usage of silicones in the solar Industry. The Final purpose of this study is to discourse the possible usage of silicones in PV faculties, in peculiar their usage as a coating for solar panels. Besides it aims to reason that the usage of silicones will lengthen the life of solar faculties by giving equal protection to the solar cells. The study is based on research carried out relevant to the subjects above mentioned. Research was carried out utilizing assorted web sites, a TCE article and books, subsequently referenced in the study. The consequence of this study is the research carried out on the subject. The chief decision of this study is the recommendation for the hereafter usage of silicones in the production of PV faculties.IntroductionThe topic of this study is to analyze the subject of solar power and potency for silicones in the country. The chief job being handled in this study is whether the usage of silicones is a executable method for bettering the life anticipation of solar faculties. Solar energy is a topic really much in current treatment as renewable energy Begins to be viewed with more favors, due to the frights of a possible deficit of fossil fuels, and an increased fright of the inauspicious effects of the combustion of these fuels. The intent of this papers is to foreground the possibility of solar energy as being a feasible beginning of energy in the hereafter and to foreground the betterments that can be made to solar cells, and thereby solar faculties by utilizing silicones as portion of their industry. The range of this papers extends to a brief treatment of the development of solar energy engineering over the clip period of fifteenth Century BC to show twenty-four hours. It besides briefly trades with the subject of the formation of silicones and their current usage. The research for this subject was carried out over a period of 10 hebdomads.Theory: Solar EnergyHistoryThere is a popular belief that solar power has merely been around for the past four or five decennaries. But in world it has been around for much longer. Let us get down with the earliest reference of the usage of the Sun for the benefits of adult male, in the fifteenth Century BC. Though it may be nil more than a myth, there is reference of the â€Å" Sounding Statues † of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenkotep III. He claimed that his statues operated when the air in their base bases expanded after exposure to sunshine. Another possible myth sing the usage of solar power is 212 BC. In one of the most dramatic of early applications of solar energy it is said that the Grecian mastermind Archimedes. Harmonizing to legend he used a â€Å" Burning mirror † mirror to put the ships of the occupying Roman ships alight. He did this while they were still about 121.4 ft off. From Archimedes we move into the seventeenth Century AD The first application of solar energy after the autumn of the Roman Empire was in 1615. Salomon de Caux constructed the first device to be categorized as a â€Å" solar engine † . He constructed a device made of glass lenses, a supporting frame and an air-tight metal vas incorporating H2O and air. Its map was merely to bring forth a little H2O fountain when the air heated up during operation. It was considered more a plaything than a workhorse device. The physicist Athanasius Kircher ( 1601-1608 ) experimented during the mid 17th century with mirrors. He attempted to put fire to wood at a distance in an attempt to animate the so 1,800 twelvemonth old technique of Archimedes. Where Kircher worked with mirrors, a German mathematician, Ehrenfried Von Tschirnhaus ( 1651-1708 ) focused his work on lens type concentrators. He designed and constructed lenses up to about 30 inches in diameter. Using these he was capable of runing ceramic stuffs with concentrated sunshine. With this we take leave of the 17th century and switch our focal point to the eighteenth century. One of the most active figures in the eighteenth century with respects to solar energy was a Gallic scientist, George Louis Lecrec Buffon ( 1707-1788 ) . He was responsible for a series of multiple-mirror solar furnaces, the largest consisting of some 360 little planar mirrors, all separately focussed on a common point. In 1747, in the Gallic Royal Gardens, Buffon used 168 mirrors to light a heap of wood from a distance of about 195 ft. Buffon concluded that Archimedes could in fact have set fire to the Roman ships, but he estimated that he could non hold done so from a distance greater than 150ft. He based this decision about strictly on the premise that Archimedes was utilizing engineering far inferior to his ain, and hence could non hold equalled his ain device. Regardless of Buffon ‘s â€Å" decision † the inquiry sing Archimedes ‘ â€Å" Burning Mirror † still remains open. In 1977 D. L. Simms wrote in â€Å" Burning Question † Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) :64 ( 1977 ) 2, that â€Å" there are ample historical, scientific, and military evidences for reasoning that Archimedes did non utilize a combustion mirror as a arm of war â€Å" . Simms felt that Archimedes would hold been capable of ciphering the radiant flux necessary to make the occupation, and that Archimedes would non hold used a method of such low chance of success. Claude Poillet, a Gallic mathematician-scientist was one of the first people to concern himself with mensurating sunlight strength. He estimated that â€Å" the useable energy from the Sun per square pace of the Earth ‘s surface between the equator and about 43A ° N or S latitude was about 1/6 thermic unit per second, which corresponds to about one HP † 3. A Swiss naturalist, Nicholas de Saussure ( 1740-1799 ) , conducted the first recorded experiments in utilizing solar beams for cookery intents. His solar oven was called a â€Å" heat box † . Its composing consisted of multiple detached glass screens positioned over a blackened surface. The underside and sides of it were surrounded with insularity. It was recorded to hold achieved a temperature of 320A °F. The nineteenth century brought away a somewhat different solar oven. It was introduced by an English uranologist, John Fredrick Herschel. He built as little solar oven while on a trip to Africa ‘s Cape of Good Hope. It was constructed of mahogany painted black. He so buried it in the sand for intents of insularity. The lone portion of it left exposed was a dual glazed screen. This served to minimise heat loss from the top, while still allowing in sunshine. The oven is reported to hold reached a maximal temperature of 240A °F 1. In 1839 A. Edmund Becquerel, a Gallic physicist foremost discovered the photovoltaic consequence while experimenting with metal home bases. He discovered that some stuffs were photoconductive and could make little electrical charges when exposed to light4. However the first photovoltaic cell was non built until 1882, by an American discoverer Charles Fritts. He coated the semiconducting material Se with an highly thin bed of gold to organize the junctions5. One of the most fecund â€Å" solar energy innovators † was a Gallic Physics professor Augustin Mouchot ( 1825-1911 ) . Mouchot was responsible for originating 20 old ages of authorities funded experimentation with reflector type concentrators in 1860. His attempts in the field led to the construct, design and building of the first reflector devices based on the form of a abbreviated cone. These devices are now known as axicons. They were intended to concentrate sunlight along the cardinal axis of the cone instead than its predecessor devices which were designed to concentrate visible radiation to a individual point focal point. Mouchot built several solar powered steam engines between 1864 and 1882. Mouchot ‘s reflectors were built of â€Å" silver plated sheet metals, appropriately mounted so that the full device could be easy turned to follow the place of the Sun. The collection surfaces ( of a typical Mouchot assembly ) had an country of 40ft2 and was connected to a boiler which received about 87 % of the Sun ‘s heat † 3.Due to the available engineering of the clip the devices were connected to extremely inefficient steam engines, which yielded overall low public presentation. Though the eighteenth century brought the greatest organic structure of work on the solar energy forepart and the nineteenth century saw the superb Mouchot and his innovation of the abbreviated cone shaped reflector. It was the twentieth century that brought solar energy engineering to new degrees of variegation. In 1900 and 1911, patents were issued for sub-atmospheric-pressure solar engines, to E. H. McHenry. These engines used working fluids to bring forth power. Water was used to roll up heat and â€Å" a on the job fluid of lower boiling point than H2O ( was used ) to drive † 1.E. C. Ketcham received a patent for a similar system in 1905. The two- fluid system was introduced to avoid the low efficiency jobs which had been observed by Mouchot. The first experiments with level home base aggregators began in 1902. They were carried out by H. E. Willsie and John Boyle, Jr. The level home base device was a really shallow box with a black internal surface, a clear glass screen home base. The device was cooled by some signifier of transportation fluid flow normally H2O. This type of device does non concentrate sunshine as do lens-type and mirror type aggregators. However it is able to roll up and use diffuse sunshine every bit good as direct radiation, therefore their device was able to run over more widely changing conditions conditions. It was reported that though their device was built utilizing petroleum stuffs, its public presentation was such that â€Å" even in cold natural October conditions ( temperatures ) were high plenty to zap sulfur dioxide for the engine. â€Å" 1 In 1907 research began on level home base aggregators by Frank Schuman, of Philadelphia. Again, like Willsie and Boyle, H2O was used as the heat transportation fluid and a 2nd fluid was used to drive a steam engine. The fluid used was ether. His installing was located in Tacony, Pennsylvania, and included 1200ft2 of aggregation surface. The engine developed 3.5 horsepower, with a boiler temperature of 240A ° F. Encouraged by the public presentation of his units Shuman founded the Eastern Sun Power Company Limited in 1908.Types of Solar Collectors Presently in UseFlat Plate Collectorhypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/uploads/pics/flachkollektor-e.gif A level home base aggregator consists of an absorber, a transparent screen, a frame, and insularity. 6 Traditionally an iron-poor solar safety glass is used as a transparent screen. This is because it transmits a great sum of the short-wave visible radiation spectrum. Simultaneously, merely really small of the heat emitted by the absorber escapes the screen due to the nursery consequence. Besides the transparent screen prevents wind and breezes from transporting the collected heat off, by convection. Together with the frame, the screen protects the absorber from inauspicious conditions conditions.6 Typical frame stuffs include aluminum and galvanized steel, and on occasion frames are made of fibreglass-reinforced plastic. The intent of the insularity at the dorsum of the absorber and on the side walls is to decrease the heat loss through conductivity. Usually insularity is polyurethane froth or mineral wool, sometimes mineral fiber insulating stuffs like glass wool, stone wool, and fiberglass is used. Heat loss can be reduced within the frame by convection air can be pumped out of the aggregator tubing. Such aggregators can so be called evacuated- tubing aggregators. These must be re-evacuated one time every one to three years.6 This brings us to the subject of evacuated tubing aggregators.Evacuated Tube Collectorshypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/typo3temp/pics/5fb2adc895.gif In this type of vacuity aggregator, the absorber strip is located in an evacuated and force per unit area cogent evidence glass tubing. The heat transportation fluid flow through the absorber straight in a U-tube or in counter-current in a tubing in tubing system. The solar aggregator is composed of several serially interconnected, or tubes connected to each other via manifold. 6 A heat pipe aggregator incorporates a particular fluid which begins to zap even at low temperatures. The steam rises in the single heat pipes and warms up the carries fluid in the chief pipe by agencies of a heat money changer. The condensed liquid so flux back into the base of the heat pipe. The pipes must be angled at a specific angle above the horizontal to guarantee that optimum degrees of the procedure of evaporating and distilling maps. There are two types of aggregator connexion to the solar circulation system. Either the heat money changer extends straight into the manifold, and called a â€Å" wet connexion † , or it is connected to the manifold by a heat- conducting stuff, and called a â€Å" dry connexion † . A â€Å" dry connexion † allows the exchange of single tubings without necessitating the voidance of the full system of its fluid. Evacuated tubings offer the advantage that they work expeditiously. An advantage offered by evacuated tubings is that they work expeditiously with high absorber temperatures and with low radiation. Higher temperatures besides may be obtained for applications such as hot H2O warming, steam production, and air conditioning.6Solar panelhypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg/220px-Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg ( PV cellsA connected together in a solar panel. ) A solar panel is a aggregation of interrelated solar cells which are besides known as photovoltaic cells. Solar panels can besides be used as constituents of larger photovoltaic systems used to bring forth and provide electrical power for commercial and domestic applications. Due to the fact that a individual solar cell can merely bring forth a limited sum of power, many installings contain a several panels. A typical photovoltaic system contains an array of solar panels, an inverter, complecting wires and a battery. 11Photovoltaic CellsPhotovoltaicsA ( PV ) is a method of bring forthing electrical power by convertingA solar radiation intoA direct current electricityA utilizing semiconductorsA that exhibit the photovoltaic consequence. 12 On exposure to light electromotive force or a corresponding electric current is created in a stuff. The photovoltaic consequence is straight related to the photoelectric consequence. But the two procedures are different and should ever be distinguished. In the photoelectric consequence, negatrons are ejected from a stuff ‘s surface upon exposure to radiation of a sufficient energy. In the photovoltaic consequence nevertheless there is a difference. The negatrons generated are transferred between different sets within the stuff ( i.e. from the cornice to conduction sets ) , ensuing in the physique up of a electromotive force between two electrodes. In most photovoltaic applications the radiation, is sunlight and due to this ground the devices are known as solar cells. In the instance of a p-n junction solar cell, upon light the stuff creates an electric current as aroused negatrons and the staying holes are swept in different waies by constitutional electric field of the depletion part. Photovoltaic power coevals employsA solar panelsA composed of a figure of cells incorporating a photovoltaic stuff. Materials soon used for photovoltaics include monocrystaline Si, polycrystalline Si, formless Si, Cd telluride, and Cu In selenide/sulphide. P V Cell diagram Solar panels use light energy, i.e. photons, from the Sun to bring forth electricity utilizing the photovoltaic consequence. The burden transporting member of a faculty can either be the top bed or the back bed. 11 The modern photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 atA Bell Laboratories.A This extremely efficient solar cell was foremost developed byA Daryl Chapin, A Calvin Souther FullerA and Gerald Pearson in 1954 utilizing a diffused Si p-n junction. The interrelated solar cells are normally embedded in crystalline ethene vinyl ethanoate, fitted with an aluminium or chromium steel steel frame and covered with crystalline glass on the front side to do a solar faculty. The bulk of solar faculties use wafer-based crystalline silicone cells or thin-film cells based on Cd telluride or Si. The cells must so be connected electrically to one another and to the remainder of the system. These electrical connexions can be made in two ways. They are made either in series to accomplish a coveted end product electromotive force and/ or in parallel to supply a coveted current beginning capableness. A Silicones can be used in two applications during the fabrication procedure. First they are used for sealing the cell into the frame and secondly as an alternate method to ethylene vinyl ethanoate for encapsulating the solar cell.Coevalss of Solar cellsIn the last few old ages several new photovoltaic engineerings have been researched, with an purpose to happening as effectual alternate to silicon-based solar cells. The research and development in this country by and large aims to supply higher efficiency and lower costs per W of electricity generated. Some in the solar cell industry place different â€Å" coevalss † of solar cell engineering. First coevals solar cells: Solar cells made o semiconducting p-n junctions. Second coevals: Solar cells: Solar cells based on first coevals cells bur focussed on cut downing the cost f the same by using thin movie engineerings. Third coevals: The 3rd coevals is slightly equivocal in the engineerings that it encompasses. Generally it tends to include among others, PV cell systems utilizing multi-layer ( tandem ) cells made of formless Si or Ga arsenide, non-semiconductor engineerings ( including polymer-based cells and biomimetics ) , while more theoretical developments are still in consideration. These include frequence transition, hot- bearer effects and other multiple-carrier expulsion, quantum point engineerings, dye-synthesized solar cells and upconversion engineerings. Presently the theoretical upper bound of the transition of sunshine to electricity is 33 % for a standard solar cell. But the Carnot bound for the same is about 95 % . This opens up a window of chance for heightening the efficiency of solar cells two or three times provided that assorted constructs can be put into usage for bettering efficiency without bearing high costs. These cell engineerings have the possible to get the better of the Shockley-Queisser bound of 31-41 % power efficiency for individual bandgap solar cells. This is what has been attempted by 3rd coevals solar cells, alternate stuffs to tackle the solar energy. 10 Innovalight is one of the Bay Area-based Startups that have pioneered the development of silicon nanoink-based solar cells. Beginnings claim, lab efficiencies are every bit high as 36 % .Current Use of Solar PowerPresently Solar energy is going progressively popular due to its sustainability, its little demand for care and its long term cost-effectiveness. 8 Presently the energy collected via the Sun is put to many utilizations. The chief beingWaterPart of the solar energy harnessed is used to pump H2O in distant countries. In peculiar it is used to power off-grid desalinization workss. Industry Solar energy has been used to power Television and wireless repeater Stationss, which are automated Stationss that transmit signals ) . It is besides used to power beacons, buoys and aircraft warning visible radiations on edifices and other constructions. Heat Solar energy can be used to heat residential places, whereby the energy is used to heat the H2O supply and, peculiarly in Florida, swimming pools are heated in this mode. â€Å" A photovoltaic cell is installed on the roof to roll up solar energy and is used to warm a heat transportation fluid that is used to heat the H2O itself. †Transportation systemâ€Å" Increasingly, solar energy is being used to power public transit vehicles such as coachs, streetcars and light-rails. Plans for solar-powered coach shelters are in the plants every bit good † .Consumer MerchandisesSmall appliance, such as reckoners and tickers, frequently use solar energy. Life Span Current solar cells have as effectual life span of approximately 20 to 25 old ages. Their value and electrical power end product lessenings steadily over clip. This occurs due to have on and rupture of usage. As the outer protective coating of glass wears off the internal constituents go more susceptible to damage.20Theory: SiliconesSiliconesDefinition: SiliconesA are inert, man-made compounds with a broad assortment of signifiers and utilizations. They are typically heat-resistant andA rubber-like. 13FormationSilicones are formed by the transition of chlorosilane monomers into polymer merchandises. This normally involves 2-4 procedures Hydrolysis plus killing Acid decrease of the hydrolysate In some instances Conversion of hydrolysate to cyclic oligomers Polymerization Equilibration Or Bodying of the hydrolysate to cyclic oligomers Depriving Devolatilization Or Solvent remotion Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in the procedure of which molecules of H2O are split into hydrogen cat-ions ( H+ , referred to asA protons for convenience ) and hydroxide anions ( OHa?’ ) , in the procedure of the chemical mechanism.A This is a type of reaction used to interrupt down certain polymers, specifically those made by a step-growth polymerisation. Such a procedure is normally catalysed either acerb or base. A common acid used is sulfuric acid ( H2SO4 ) , and a common base used is sodium hydrated oxide ( NaOH ) . 14, 15Silicon ProductionSilicon does non be on its ain in nature. Generally it is bonded with O, organizing stuffs such as sand and vitreous silica and granite stone. The silicon- O bond in vitreous silica is reputably so stable it can merely be broken by white heat. 9Silicon manufacturers cut down top-quality vitreous silica sand to elemental Si via a carbo-thermic smelting procedure: Formula for cut downing sand to elemental Si This reaction occurs in an electric furnace at & lt ; 1,400A °C ( & lt ; 2,600A °F ) . In it the C monoxide gas ( g ) leaves the furnace so the Si can non respond with the C to organize Si dioxide. The liquefied elemental Si, which is about 99 per centum pure, is so cooled and broken into balls. When used in silicone production, the Si is ground into a all right pulverization to increase the surface country available for reactions.Methylchloride productionMethylchloride is produced by distilling methyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid: Formula for distilling methyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid to bring forth methylchloride Two methyl groups ( CH3 ) must attach to each Si atom to bring forth one molecule of dimethyldichlorosilane. Dimethyldichlorosilane is the basicA silicone edifice block. 9Synthesization of chlorosilanesChlorosilanes are synthesized in a fluid bed reactor at temperatures runing from 250 to 300A °C ( 482 to 572A °F ) and at force per unit areas of 1 to 5 bars. The methyl chloride ( CH3Cl ) flows through a fluidized bed of Si metal powder.9 The reaction, is catalyzed by a copper-based accelerator, generates a complex mix of methyl chlorosilanes: Formula for the chlorosilanes synthesis reaction The methyl chlorosilane mix contains: A big sum of dimethyldichlorosilane ( Me2SiCl2 ) – the primaryA edifice block A moderate sum of methyltrichlorosilane ( MeSiCl3 ) Some trimethylchlorosilane ( Me3SiCl ) A little sum of methyldichlorosilane ( MeHSiCl2 ) Plus smaller sums of other silanes The chlorosilanes are so separated from one another through the procedure ofA distillment.Distillation of chlorosilanesDistillation is a procedure in which a liquid undergoes two stage alterations. One in which it transforms from a liquid to a gas and a 2nd where it reforms into a liquid. Each of the chlorosilanes produced during theA synthesisA phase has a alone boiling point. These boiling points are used to purify the chlorosilanes from one another based on the figure of Cl atoms attached to the molecule. Because the boiling points of the assorted chlorosilanes are so near together, really tall distillment columns are required to divide them. Once separated, the chlorosilanes are ready to be turned into utile siloxanes through the procedure ofA hydrolysis and condensation.9Hydrolysation and Condensation of ChlorosilanesFirst H2O is added to dimethyldichlorosilane ( the principal chlorosilane ) , as this done the two react to organize disilanol and hydrochloric acid. This occurs because O feels a greater attractive force for Si than Cl ; and chlorine feels a greater attractive force for H than O ( Me = CH3 ) . 9 demand elevations text The disilanols formed are unstable and strongly attracted to one another. These are so catalyzed by the hydrochloric acid, where they condense into polydimethylsiloxanes -which are molecules incorporating a anchor of Si atoms bonded to oxygen atoms. Hydrolysis and condensation occur spontaneously, at the same time, and really rapidly. These reactions are a regular â€Å" ageless chemical science machine, † ensuing in a mixture of: Cyclic ringsA ( with 3-6 reiterating SiO units ) Linear chainsA ( with 30-50 reiterating SiO units ) The cyclic and additive oligomers ( mini-polymers ) are separated from one another and distilled into cuts based on the figure of SiO units in the concatenation. Some are used as they are ( cyclosiloxane and low-molecular-weightA silicone fluids, for illustration ) . But the bulk are furtherA polymerized and finishedA to make a broad array of stuffs with an astonishing scope of public presentation capabilities.16Silicone PropertiesSilicones can be considered a molecular loanblend between glass and organic additive polymers. In which if as Si atom is bonded merely to oxygen atoms the construction formed is an inorganic glass called a Q-type Si. If one O atom is replaced with an R-group, such as a methyl, ethyl or phenyl, so a rosin or silesquioxane, or T-type Si, is formed. This type of stuff is more flexible than a Q-type stuff. Hereafter if two O atoms are replaced by organic groups, so the ensuing stuff formed is a really flexible additive polymer, known as D-type Si.19 This increased flexibleness found with diminishing cross-linking consequences in a low glass passage of the additive polymers. Due to this low glass passage silicones typically besides have a low modulus one time formulated and cured, specifically when compared to organic polymers. The modulus in additive silicones can be rather low by and large due to low crosslink denseness and in this signifier silicones frequently function to alleviate emphasis due a mismatch of coefficients of thermic enlargement, between two constituents in many applications. 19Derived MerchandisesLubricants: Silicones are used to deduce a dry-set lubricator is delivered with a dissolver bearer to perforate the mechanism. The solvent evaporates go forthing a clear movie that lubricates but does non pull soil and grit every bit much as traditional â€Å" moisture † lubricator. Assorted silicones are used as several types of lubricating oils. They are used for bike ironss, air-soft gun parts and a broad sc ope of other mechanisms. Poting: Potting is a procedure InA electronics in which a complete circuit assembly is filled with a solid compound for opposition to floor, and quiver, and for exclusion of wet and caustic agents.17 Silicone is frequently used as a potting agent. Encasing electronic equipment in this mode improves the stableness of the equipment against, mechanical daze, electrical daze, radiation, and quiver. Other utilizations of silicone include Rainproof coatings: Silicone movies can be applied to silica-based substrates like glass used as a signifier of insularity. Fabrics may be coated or impregnated with silicone to organize a strong, rainproof complex such asA silnylon. Besides silicone caulk can be used as a basic sealer against H2O and air penetration.http: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caulking.jpg/160px-Caulking.jpgSilicones as Solar EncapsulantsLED, Photovoltaic and other light sensitive devices require UV stable non yellowing encapsulants for protection and improved light transmittal. Optically Clear Silicones are best suited to this type of operation. These can be found in different scopes of hardness, viscousness, mix ratio, room temperature remedy, and heat remedy. This allows them to be adaptable and to run efficaciously in different conditions.Protection offered by SiliconesSolar cells are presently being implemented in parts every bit diverse as Germany and the Sahara. In consequence this means that the silicones need to be able to offer protection against really diverse inauspicious climes. Silicones need to be able to protect against the effects of sustained rain showers such as those happening in Asia, during monsoon season, while besides being able to prolong continual harm caused by desert air currents. Following this Protection is besides required from the effects of continual alterations in the clime. One illustration of the gradual wear of stuff is due to Aeolian or wind eroding. This type of eroding occurs about chiefly in the desert, where many industrial graduated table solar workss are installed.18ConsequencesFrom my research I have gathered that: Current solar engineering relies to a great extent on p-n junction photovoltaic cells. The current coevals of solar engineering is being implemented across Europe, in the United States of America, and major plants are being carried out in the African comeuppances. Current solar cells use a glass window glass as a screen for the external screen of the solar cell. The mean life span for a solar cell is between 20 and 25 old ages. Silicones have the advantage of being really versatile in their formation. They can be formed to accommodate the environment in which they will be implemented. There is possible in the current solar cell market for silicones to be used as screens, or coatings for PV faculties.DecisionsWhy Silicones and the PV faculty assembly market are perfect for each other:Mechanical belongingss that stay about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures & A ; remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures. UV stableness Low Equilibrium wet content Electrical insularity Fire opposition Hi degree of adhesion Optical transparence Silicones are an ideal merchandise household to run into the demands in the PV faculty assembly market. Their citations include mechanical belongingss that remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures, and remain stable even after long periods of exposure at high temperatures. UV stableness, low equilibrium wet content, electrical insularity, and fire opposition are built-in in silicones due to their chemical nature. In add-on to this decently formulated silicone preparations can exhibit really fast remedy rates, high degree of adhesion to many hard- to stick-to substances, and optical transparence. All of these contribute to high lastingness in out-of-door exposure, and higher efficiency due to more effectual usage o the visible radiation from the solar spectrum. In the UV-visible wavelength part silicones are extremely crystalline, this makes them ideal campaigners for cell encapsulants. They can be formulated to hold low modulus and be stress alleviating piece besides holding first-class adhesion to the glass and cell substrates.RecommendationsFrom my research carried out in this country of survey it is my recommendation that silicones be used as the criterion method for encapsulating PV cells, and thereby PV faculties. The current PV cells comprise chiefly of p-n junction solar cells, the general layout and design of which was discussed earlier in the study. Silicones would do a really suited covering/ encapsulant for these types of solar faculties as they can be formed into extremely flexible stuff that can easy surface the outer bed of the faculty. Once on the stuff the silicone can so be hardened/ solidified to organize a lasting coating on the PV faculty. The silicone coating can so efficaciously protect the constituents of the PV faculty from external harm caused by corrosion. This efficaciously means protection from the effects o weather corrosion, such as wear and tear caused by the rain, Sun etc†¦ †¦ As silicones offer protection from all of the above they are ideally situated to be used as solar encapsulants. Meinel, A.B. , and M. P. Meinel. Applied solar Energy-An Introduction ( Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. , 1976 ) . And Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California: Straight Arrow Books, 1975 ) . â€Å" Burning Question † Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) :64 ( 1977 ) . Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California: Straight Arrow Books, 1975 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/about_5098013_photovoltaic-effect.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thegeminigeek.com/who-invented-solar-panels/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/knowledge/basic-knowledge/solar-collectors.html hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/facts_5185557_current-uses-solar-energy.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.growthconsulting.frost.com/web/images.nsf/0/5C8C038AEE4690D96525744E001A9C9B/ $ File/TI.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone ( A IUPAC, A Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the â€Å" Gold Book † ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version: A ( 2006- ) â€Å" hydrolysis † . ^A IUPAC, A Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the â€Å" Gold Book † ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version: A ( 2006- ) â€Å" solvolysis † . ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspx ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dmoz.org/Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Contract_Manufacturing/Printed_Circuit_Boards/Assembly/ hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/erosion.htm The Chemical Engineer, November, 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //searchwarp.com/swa139552.htm

Emu and Ostrich Eggs Hatch

OSTRICH Did you know? * The Ostrich is the largest living bird in the world. * It is of the Ratite family, which means flightless bird. * The Ostrich is native to Africa, yet thrives in countries all over the world. * Adult males are eight to ten feet in height and weigh 350-400 pounds. * A male Ostrich is called a rooster and a female Ostrich is called a hen. * The male is black with white wing tips and tail plumes. * The female has light brown and grey plumage and is slightly smaller than the male. * This great bird has two toes, all other birds have three or four toes. The Ostrich can run at speeds of up to 40 MPH for sustained times. * An Ostrich will live to be 50 – 75 years old. * Although an ostrich egg is the largest of all eggs, it is the smallest egg in relation to the size of the bird. * The Ostrich egg will weigh 1600 gm and is equivalent to 2 dozen chicken eggs. * An Ostrich Hen can lay 40 -100 eggs per year, averaging about 60 eggs per year. * Ostrich eggs hatch in 42 days. * An Ostrich chick grows one foot taller each month until it is 7-8 months old. * Females sit on eggs by day; males sit on eggs by night. To soft boil a fresh egg would take one hour. To hard boil would take 1 1/2 hours. * Ostrich farming is a viable alternative agriculture industry, with fine quality leather, feathers and gourmet meat as the principal products. EMU Introducing the Emu Emu (pronounced either e-mew or e-moo depending on where you're from) are a large flightless bird native to Australia. These birds, known for their curious nature, have been around since the time of the dinosaurs. Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are a member of the ratite, which means flightless bird, family. Other ratites include the ostrich, moa, rhea, cassowary, and kiwi, as well as the extinct aepyornis  (click to read more about this bird). Emu are the largest bird on the Australian continent and the second largest in the world. What bird is the largest bird? That would be the emu's cousin the ostrich. Emus eat insects and caterpillars as well as seeds, nuts, shoots, flowers, and small rodents and lizards. They are picky eaters and would rather starve than eat old leaves or grass. They are shy birds that prefer to use their long legs to run than to fight. They are known for their curiosity and have been known to eat nails and bits of tin! Hunters can easily persuade a wild emu to come close by hiding in long grass and waving a colored handkerchief on the end of a stick. Where They Live Today emus live around the world on farms and ranches and in zoos. They can still be found running wild in the western part of Australia where the land is rugged and less-populated. Emus tend to avoid thick forest and desert areas and can live well in temperature extremes from 100? to below zero. They generally live mainly on grassy plains and dry open forests. Before humans came to Australia thousands of years ago, emus wandered all over the country. Emus are frequently on the move from place to place looking for new water and food sources and don't stay in one place for very long. They are able to travel great distances at a fast pace. The only time they're not on the move is when the males are sitting on the eggs and a short time after the chicks are born. After the chicks get old enough the flock begins to move again, though slowly. While emus usually travel in flocks they generally prefer to be alone with little to no need for company and mutual grooming. What They Look Like Some emus have an attractive bluish hue on their mostly feather-less neck. The intensity of the color varies based on the season of the year, changes in surroundings and behavior of nearby birds. When females are getting ready to lay their eggs their head and neck are covered with black feathers. They have two dull brown, hair-like feathers that grow out of each opening in the emu's skin. The feathers are brown but after they shed their feathers, or molting, appear nearly black. They fade to a pale brown as the emu ages (just like humans get grey hair as they get older). The feathers are downy with no stiff vein running through the center like most other birds, which is part of why they're flightless. The feathers towards the base of the spine are longer and are set wide apart, giving it a mop-like appearance. Emus only have tiny wings that are hidden under the feathers and are one-tenth the size of its total body. The emu's short, pointed bill and three-toed feet are brown with a flat bottom that has a broad pad. They typically have golden brown eyes. Making Babies In the summer, when the hen finds a partner they will guard an area of about 30 square kilometers then scoop out a hole in the ground and build a nest. The nest is made of trampled grass in open or lightly covered country. The breeding doesn't take place until cooler months. As the days get cooler and shorter, the males (or cocks) undergo a hormonal change and start to lose their appetites in preparation for sitting on the nest. The pair will mate every day or two and every second or third day the female will lay an egg in the nest. After the seventh egg is laid the male will get broody and will start to sit on the eggs. The male will not sit on a nest until at least five eggs have been laid. While the male emu sits on the eggs he will not eat, drink or even go to the bathroom. He can lose up to 20 pounds during this time, or about one-fifth its weight. They only stand long enough to turn the eggs, which is done about 10 times a day. Over the next eight weeks the male will survive only on accumulated body fat and the morning dew reachable from the nest. Emu eggs are easily identifiable due to their rather large size, about the size of a grapefruit, and greenish-black color. The eggs are not a uniform shade and can range from a light shade of green to almost black. The color of the eggs depends on the hen. A Baby Is Born†¦ After pecking its way out of the shell, a very active 10-inch tall, cream-colored emu chick emerges. They have brown stripes and dark dots on the head. The chicks go through a remarkable color-metamorphosis. As three-month-old chicks they turn an almost solid black color, and then change to a tan, brown and black mixture as they grow. The chick will leave the nest two to three days after hatching. The chicks will be guarded by the male for up to 18 months and he is the one who will teach them what and how to eat. If a male comes across a strange chick wandering, he will most likely adopt it providing it isn't bigger than the chicks already in his care. Interesting Fact: Ratites are the only birds known to hatch identical twins. Two birds actually hatch from the same egg! This is not normal for birds and in the wild the hatchlings would rarely live more than a day or two. In captivity scientists have been able to watch emu identical twins live beyond 18 months. * The Emu is native to Australia and it is believed to have existed almost unchanged for over 80 million years. * Emus grow to approximately 6 feet tall and is the second largest bird in the world. * Emu and ostrich are totally different birds. The only similarity they share is that they are both flightless. The Emu is an omnivore. In the wild its diet consists of grains and seeds and small rodents, reptiles and birds. * Females can lay up to 60 eggs per season. The average egg production for a hen is 30 to 40 eggs. * The eggs are dark green and weigh 1 to 1 1/2 pounds (500 to 780 grams). * The male Emu incubates the eggs 50 to 60 days and then raises the chicks. * An Emu gro ws quickly and reaches its full height in one year. * Emus love water and are excellent swimmers. * Emus grow to approximately 6 feet tall. WRITTEN REPORT IN HEALTH AND SCIENCE Submitted By: Kyryn Aeiou U. Hernaez

Democratic Individualism in Walt Whitman Poetry

Democratic Individualism in Whitman’s Poetry Walt Whitman will remain as a well-known, superb poet. Clarence Brown stated, the words of someone speaking on Walt Whitman, â€Å"He is the only one of the conventionally recognized American poets who is worth reading† (37). Walt Whitman is a poet that writes with purpose. His poetry seems to attempt to teach the more desirable behavior and traits for Americans. It depicts the ideal American democrat, peace maker, and a well-rounded person, in general. Not that Walt Whitman is only about democracy.He focuses on an important end result which is the happiness and function of the overall body of people. This happiness can be achieved efficiently through democracy and democratic behavior, according to Whitman and his beliefs. John Macy wrote, in The Spirit of American Literature, â€Å"Only one day in the century of American literature is marked by the birth of a ‘marker of poems, an Answerer’-the day when Whitman was born† (210). Walt Whitman was born May 31, 1819 to Walter Whitman and Louisa Van Velsor. Walt was the second of nine children in his household.One can imagine that his life, surrounded by many siblings, was indeed hectic. Their family resided in New York, mostly Brooklyn, during the 1820s and 1830s. Peace and equality could be things that a young boy with eight other siblings would want. His household may have influenced values that would stick with Walt for his entire life, values that would shape his career. At a very young age, twelve years old, Walt Whitman was introduced to the printing trade. This was seemingly the point in his life that influenced his love of words and literature.He taught himself to read and did so very often. His favorite literature or the literature that was frequently available to him was that of Shakespeare, Dante, and Homer. Walt also was fascinated with the Bible. From these pieces of literature, Walt could have taken ideas of love, tragedy, trials and triumphs. This time in his life seems to be most influential to the distinguished events and lifestyle that would take place later (â€Å"Walt Whitman Biography†). Walt took jobs as a printer and a teacher before he chose journalism as a more permanent career.During his time as a journalist, Whitman founded and edited many popular newspapers. Then, the Civil War came along and placed Whitman in chaos. He was devastated by the many that were wounded, including his brother, and he vowed to live a simple life. He purged his life as a way of cleansing out any negativity. He seemed to be a peaceful and serene person. Whitman stayed at hospitals in Washington to care for the injured. While doing so, he accepted a job as a clerk for the Department of the Interior until he was fired for his controversial work in Leaves of Grass, a collection of poems written by Whitman.There were many versions and poems in the collection. From this title alone, one can infer the theme of i ndividuality while being a part of a group. Leaves would be the citizens of Grass, America (â€Å"Walt Whitman Biography†). Walt was a generous man. His success, as stated by Alice Henderson, could be contributed to his â€Å"[†¦] comradeship with all nature and all men† (Brown 35). He lived happily through the joy of others. He was democratic, not just seeing the benefits for himself but how he could help others. A clerk’s salary, at that time, was less than extravagant.However, any extra money that Walt Whitman had was charitably given to anyone that needed the money, usually his patients. George Kateb stated, â€Å"I think that Walt Whitman is a great philosopher of democracy† (545), I agree. Walt Whitman could be one’s ideal democratic American. As stated by Kateb, even one of the greatest poets of all time, Henry Thoreau, stated that Whitman â€Å"[†¦] is apparently the greatest democrat the world has ever seen† (545). Democra cy is about people helping each other. It embodies individuals and their role in the entire group or society.Democracy gives each individual the right to have a role in the world around them. Walt Whitman made his mark in society as a democratic man by giving back to the people that helped serve the country when it was at war. Walt Whitman’s fame is not just about his passion for democracy. Van Wyck Brooks stated that the real reason that Whitman is so relevant is that â€Å"for the first time [he] gave us the sense of something organic in American life† (112) and â€Å"precipitated the American character† (118). However, democracy is about social equality, fairness, and choice.A democratic body is one that works together to achieve things that are beneficial to all. To Walt, the goal that was worth working for was the preservation of those who are ill or injured, especially due to the war. George Kateb wrote about Whitman and the purpose of democracy. â€Å"Wh itman tries to draw out the fuller moral and existential significance of rights. There are rights that individuals have as persons, and that the political system of democracy exists in order to protect, and also to embody in its workings† (546). We appreciate Walt Whitman for explaining the riches of ife while reaping the benefits of democracy. As Kateb stated, individuals have their own identity within the overall body but they also work towards preserving and benefiting the overall body as well. So, when citizens are injured or weak, it is our job to be a support system just as Walt Whitman did many years prior. According to Kateb, â€Å"This responsiveness or receptivity can also be described as a way – a profoundly democratic way – of being connected to others and to nature† (546). Democracy, equality, and choice are all demonstrated in many of the poems that were written by the great Walt Whitman.He was a proud and patriotic man. His love for America is depicted in his work. According to Jason Frank, â€Å"Just as the institutions of democratic contest provide arenas for forming robust individuality, provoke the reader’s own democratic and poetic potential† (â€Å"Aesthetic Democracy†). For example, in â€Å"One’s Self I Sing† and in â€Å"I Hear America Singing,† Whitman showed the importance of equality, democracy, and individuality in his life. Those are obviously values that he held close to his heart. In â€Å"I Hear America Singing,† Whitman painted a glorified picture of America.According to Zimmer, â€Å"Walt Whitman's ‘I Hear America Singing’ receives an invigorating revival in this poetry collection that illuminates the pressures and pleasures of work† (â€Å"STEADY HANDS: Poems About Work†). His America consisted of different types of people in all different walks and social classes of life. He told of the carpenter, the mother, the mason, sho emaker, and many more. When Whitman says, â€Å"Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else† (line 12), he means America does not mention one race or age; it just consists of different types of people that perform their job.One could say that the job is to be an American. Their jobs are to perform their tasks proudly to help the country run smoothly. In line 15, Whitman said that the Americans are â€Å"Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs. † They are singing with open mouths and perhaps open hearts. Singing is attributed to celebration and happiness. The Americans that Whitman wrote about could be those that are joyful because they live in America and because they are doing whatever job makes them happy. They are strong, caring, and joyful just as Americans should be, in Whitman’s eyes.Out of the two poems, in my opinion, â€Å"One’s-Self I Sing† is the most powerful of the two. It is the one that exemplifies Whitmanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s love for America and democracy the most. In the first few lines of the poem, Whitman made a huge impact with few words. â€Å"One’s-Self I sing, a simple separate person, yet utter the word Democratic, the word En-Masse†(lines 1-2), tells us that it is okay to be an individual but to always remember to be democratic. â€Å"[†¦] utter the word Democratic,† in all things be yourself but remember to uplift your country, be considerate and think of the well-being of others.In line 5, â€Å"The Female equally with the Male I sing. † Whitman praises both the female and male as he would like to see those both equal. The last stanza of the poem speaks of â€Å"[†¦] Life immense in passion, pulse, and power† (line 6). It means the passion for one’s country, the pulse and the energy to live one’s life freely, and the power to do anything through freedom. Ultimately, Whitman demonstrates his love for America. From reading a co uple of his poems, one can see the importance of democracy in the upkeep of the country.Democracy is the soul of the country; it gives people a sense of individuality while still being a part of an enormous group. Walt Whitman was not only a poet but also a great example for all Americans. Works Cited Brooks, Van Wyck. America's Coming-of-Age. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. Print. Brown, Clarence A. â€Å"Walt Whitman and the ‘New Poetry’. † American Literature 33. 1 (Mar,1961): 33-45. JSTOR. Duke University Press. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. Frank, Jason. â€Å"Aesthetic Democracy: Walt Whitman And The Poetry Of The People. Review Of Politics 69. 3 (2007): 402. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. Kateb, George. â€Å"Walt Whitman and the Culture of Democracy. † Political Theory 18. 4 (Nov, 1990): 545-71. JSTOR. Sage Publications, Inc. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. . Macy, John A. The Spirit of American Literature. Kessinger, LLC, 2010. Print. â€Å"Walt Whitman Biog raphy. † Bio. com. A&E Networks Television. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. . Zimmer, Tracie Vaughn. â€Å"STEADY HANDS: Poems About Work. † Kirkus Reviews 76. 24 (2008): 1313. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Mar. 2012.

Research paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research paper - Assignment Example The greatest happiness is fulfilled when acts that produce maximum happiness for those affected-the best results-are considered morally good acts. In utilitarianism, ethical behavior implies acting in the interests of the larger group, even if one must sacrifice one’s own interests to do so. The welfare of the group matters not the individual. Higher pleasures are logical or intellectual while lower pleasures are concerned with the physical needs. The role of pleasure is to provide happiness. Showing compassion for the society helps an individual care for the community in which he or she lives. Compassion is very significant to an individual in that it makes them realize the meaning and purpose of life, which is to be happy. This is because since every person wants to be happy, they will do anything to avoid misery and suffering. Virtues are important because they help human beings to derive pleasure in their actions, have uniformity in the way they act, and act promptly which in turn will result to peaceful co-existence, thus everybody will be happy about the life they live. Posner is following the principle of act utilitarianism in that he desires to die so that he does not cause financial constrain to his family. In the early 1960s, Ford’s market position was being heavily eroded by competition from domestic and foreign manufactures of subcompacts. Lee Iacocca, then President of Ford, was determined to regain Ford’s share of the market by having a new subcompact, the Pinto, in production by 1970. Then Ford engineers crash tested an early model of the Pinto. They found that when the automobile was struck from the rear at 20 miles per hour, the gas tank regularly ruptured. Stray sparks could then ignite the spraying gasoline, engulf the car in flames, and possibly burn the trapped occupants. Nonetheless, Ford management decided for several reasons to go ahead with production of the Pinto as designed. First, the design met all applicable fe deral laws and standards then in effect. Secondly, the Pinto was comparable in safety to other cars being produced by the auto industry. Third, an internal Ford study indicated that the social costs of improving the design outweighed the social benefits. According to the study, it was estimated that a maximum of 180 deaths might result if the Pinto design were not changed. For purposes of cost/benefit analysis, the Federal government at that time put a value of $200,000 on a human life. Consequently, the study reasoned, saving 180 lives was worth about a total of $36 million to society. On the other hand, improving the 11 million Pintos then being planned would cost about $11 per car for a total investment of $121 million. Since the social cost of $121 million outweighed the social benefit of $36 million, the study concluded that improving the Pinto design would not be cost-effective from a societal point of view. 1. Identify the relevant issues for decision-making In early 1960s, F ord’s market position was wearing down due to high competitions from domestic and international manufactures of subcompacts. Therefore, the Ford Motor Company, endorsed by the vice-president Lee Iacocca, came to a decision of manufacturing a new subcompact car called Pinto that was to be produced domestically at an affordable price. The decision of manufacturing Pinto was also aimed at gaining large market share for the company, the designing and development of Pinto car was therefore accelerated in order to

Homosexuality & American Psychiatry by Ronald Bayer Essay

Homosexuality & American Psychiatry by Ronald Bayer - Essay Example Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) claims that the removal of homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) list is a political decision without any scientific foundation, no more than a victory of harmful â€Å"homosexual urban legends that have infiltrated every aspect of our culture† (TVC). The declaration does not oppose Bayer’s claims directly; rather, the author uses Bayer’s book as evidence. However, it does oppose Bayer’s stance on the changes in APA in 1972, cutting only the most dramatic passage out of the context. From the perspective of logic, this is an example of ambiguity created by quoting out of context (Gula 97). The declaration of TVC cites the passage in which Bayer really describes the behavior of homosexual activists as violent: they â€Å"attacked† APA in 1970 and â€Å"greeted the speaker† on the Association’s conference with exclamation about Auschwitz and the swearwords lik e â€Å"motherfucker† (Bayer 103). TVC’s article covers neither the pretext of such violent actions nor the aggressive behavior of some APA members described by Bayer. Furthermore, the article and the book are parts of the discourses that oppose each other, one claiming that homosexuality is a disease (TVC) and the other implying that this is a variation of normal sexual habit (Bayer). In the TVC article, the following claims about the issue are made: 1) Homosexuality was removed from the DSM list under the political pressure and without any significant scientific support. An instructive example is how both sides of the debate speculate about the lack of firsthand expert evidence from the APA members. To Bayer, Kent Robinson (who had never been an expert in homosexuality) is a disinterested scientist helping the fighters for human rights: â€Å"Since Robinson knew no homosexual psychiatrists, he somewhat reluctantly agreed to chair the gay panel† (104). However, to Socarides, one of the most active supporters of the TVC line, Spitzer’s lack of background in the studies of homosexuality is only the sign of professional incompetence of the APA member: â€Å"Spitzer, who to my knowledge had never previously published a single article on homosexuality or the sexual deviations, had composed a position paper on the meaning and content of homosexuality† (Socarides). 2) The imbalance of power was on the side of homose xual activists (who â€Å"threatened† APA) - hence the â€Å"Trojan Horse† metaphor: â€Å"For the next 18 years, the APA decision served as a Trojan horse, opening the gates to widespread psychological and social change in sexual customs and mores† (TVC). It follows that the change was not relevant to the needs of the society but was only the manipulation of a small group. 3) Diagnosing homosexuality as a mental disorder helps homosexuals. The Accuracy of the Review The accuracy of any review quoting only small part of the source is doubtful at best. The TVC’s review is accurate in citing facts; still, it is entirely misleading about the assessment of those facts. It

The Burden of Love, the Bonds of Sisterhood Essay

The Burden of Love, the Bonds of Sisterhood - Essay Example "When people looked at Lindsey, even my father and mother, they saw me. Lindsey was not immune. She avoided mirrors. She now took her showers in the dark." (Sebold 59). This signifies that people were not seeing Lindsey as a person, but as part of a broken sisterhood, they perceived the absent sister instead. She fears to confront that absence, to see herself without her sister and to avoid the fear and pain, she avoids the evidence of her own single existence. In Alice Sebold's The Lovely Bones, events before and after Susie's death, may be seen to reflect the experiences of other children who find themselves in a similar situation. In particular, it provides insight as to how children 'left behind' may deal with the trauma of grief, horror and loss. Before Susie's murder, she and Lindsey were pretty much like any two teenage sisters, with certain resentments and jealousies, but strong in family loyalty and acceptance of each other. Susie is bright, feisty and has a good sense of humor, Lindsey is gifted and takes herself rather seriously. Susie explains their differences when she says "She locked herself in her bedroom and read big books. When I read, Are You There God It's Me, Margaret, she read Camus's Resistance, Rebellion and Death." (Sebold 32) The natural envy of the younger sister is shown when Lindsey finds herself in Susie's closet: "Lindsey had always wanted the clothes I owned first-run but had gotten them all as hand-me-downs." (Sebold 106). Every younger sister in the world would recognize that feeling, and sadly, if similar circumstances of loss pertained, some might share in the "guilt and glee" (Sebold 106), felt with the realization that everything was now hers alone. Whatever their differences, sisters love an d care for each other, and the constant reminder of loss is a sadness which never goes. For Lindsey, there is much more to cope with, she has almost a greater responsibility than that of any other family member. This forces her to continually change and adapt, to acknowledge she has not just lost Susie, but her own childhood. She thus must develop ways to handle life differently, for as long as it takes to become whole again. Her immediate response can be appreciated as a major defense mechanism many would employ. She must develop a hard, impenetrable shell, in public at any rate, and build up strength, both mental and physical. "She sat in her room....and worked on hardening herself...make yourself small and like a stone.." (Sebold 29). For Lindsey this is necessary to protect her from the pain and horror of this particular death, and the allusion to 'stone' suggests she believes in the need for a hard inner core. Other strategies included looking through people, a refusal to appear weak, avoidance of those who might breach her defenses, and those she believed to be talking about her and the murder aspects of her sister's death. These beliefs hold some truth, people's perceptions do change, and the dead define the living, robbing them of their individuality, raising expectations of

Evidence-Based Practice Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evidence-Based Practice Project - Assignment Example There are five categories of adopters in this theory including earlier adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards (Sahin, 2006). In the implementation plan of the research geared towards understanding the use of echocardiography in the treatment of heart diseases, the diffusion of innovation theory will be helpful. From the PICOT questions, the target population is teenagers that suffer from heart problems to the extent that their productivity is affected. It is from this population that the five categories in the diffusion of innovation theory will be taken out from for the implementation plan. The intervention under the PICOT question is securing and protecting these teenagers from succumbing to heart problems through a research program that will provide the required information on the best way to solve the heart problems that they face. Here, the five-stage adoption process in the diffusion of innovation theory will be used in implementing the intervention in the five categories established from the chosen population. The first stage is knowledge or awareness stage (Sahin, 2006). In this stage of implement ation, I will search for information that will enable me to gain knowledge of the clinical change required for the teenagers. this will involve asking questions from professionals in the area and researching on the information. This stage will feature the comparison aspect of the PICOT question because information has to be compared in carrying out the study (Santos, Pimenta, & Nobre, 2007). The second stage is the persuasion or the interest stage. This stage involves gaining interest and persuasion about the advantages of the innovation (intervention). This will involve looking at the intervention both from the positive and negative side and weighing the two to determine whether the advantages are more than the disadvantages. This will lead to persuasion on exactly the side to take with regard to the intervention. This stage

Consumer Brand Relationships Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Brand Relationships - Literature review Example In this framework the definitional association is also pertinent. Linking human personality with brand image is not, though, an easy undertaking. The difficulty that psychologists face in determining and assessing personality equally becomes an issue for people who study the art of brand imaging (Bradley, 2010). It is not unusual, therefore, that those who identify brand image by alluding to human personality do not try to identify the latter concept in any more comprehensive way. They just suggest that goods possess behavioural images, or they centre in on some markedly human factor like age, gender or social caste (Batra, Ahuvia and Bagozzi, 2008). Fig. 2 - The determinants of customer-brand relationships (Martensen and Gronholdt, 2010) Brand Relationships Brand relationship, an alleged interpersonal connection in a branding framework,  assumes that brands and customers are able to have a special connection through a shared communication system. Still, some critics have stated th at a brand relationship cannot really be said to reflect an interpersonal association because of the fact that the key components in interpersonal relationships like interdependence and intimacy are lacking. Even though research has in the past revealed that consciousness actually decides how people perform their daily duties, evidence shows that behaviour can actually be in accordance with the pursuit of individual objectives where cognisance is induced (Carroll and Ahuvia, 2006). However, the function of human consciousness is not always obvious a consumer and brand relationship situation. This suggests that the lack of consciousness can actually stop people from value their  relations in a suitable manner. For example, the related members of a... In the present extremely competitive business field, singular images or one-way messages are no longer relevant in capturing and holding consumer interest. A brand’s value is connected to the relationships it creates and the social connections it inspires among consumers who purchase the service or product. The task of managing such extensive relationships that seem to cover every aspect from the production of a product to its consumption is what most marketers are occupied with. If its creators and marketers have taken care to ensure the existence of such relationships, a brand can actually stop being seen as a mere product to become a platform for the shared experiences of its consumers, thus generating more revenue. Defining a brand’s social nature means considering what consumer’s expectations about a certain brand are and how to encourage the consumers to have even loftier expectations in future. Marketers such as eBay and IKEA, for example, are some of thos e that are at the forefront in intentionally inducing a desire for less acquirement of phenomenal experiences with goods or even the products themselves, for more lasting and consequential varieties of fulfilment.

Sports fitness centre in Mayfair London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sports fitness centre in Mayfair London - Essay Example 2. Situation Analysis Overall wellbeing and health fitness has become a major concern in every society. There has been an increase in the number of people becoming obese and overweight. More than half of London adults do not engage in any form of sport or fitness program. To achieve a healthy weight the Mayor of London proposes to work closely with and encourage a wide range of people to become physically active and eat healthy (Johnson, 2011). Other measures include making sport and active recreation opportunities affordable, in addition to supporting workplace health programmes. London faces a significant shortage of sporting facilities in respect to the demand. 3. Target Market Analysis Britain is in the grip of obesity epidemic (This is London, 2011). According to experts by 2050 at least 60 percent of the population will be obese (London Assembly, 2010). The target market is the young adults and the adults of both sexes. According to a study by the London-based International Obesity Taskforce that 28 per cent of boys and 36 per cent of girls in the UK are now overweight or obese (Dobson, 2006). A UK government report estimated that by 2010 12 million adults and 1 million children in England will be obese (Medical News Today, 2006). Less physically active and eating more junk food is adding to the problems. Thus, the target market for the fitness centre would be the age group 16-40 of both sexes. 4. Problems and Opportunities The people of Mayfair would not be aware of the Fitness Centre yet to open. People could be apprehensive of the quality of service, equipments and coaches. However, since the demand exceeds supply, the opportunity could be used to penetrate the market with the right strategy. The government is also supporting fitness initiatives and obesity is at an all time high. 5. Marketing strategy Customers seek value for money and hence the fitness centre should understand the services it can extend in exchange for money while knowing the target audience to whom the services are directed. The objective is market penetration in the initial stages. Knowing the target audience will enable to include the essential features at the fitness centre. The core strengths of the fitness centre need to be communicated effectively. The marketing strategy for ABC Sports fitness centre would take into account various factors in devising the marketing strategy. 5.1 Product Positioning The leisure industry is a high-growth area which includes health, fitness, sports and recreation facilities. This sector contributes 13.5% towards the total employment in the United Kingdom. There are two reasons for the growth of the sector. There has been the increase in the consciousness to keep fi t as health concerns have risen, which has hiked the demand for better facilities and spaces for exercise (20th Century London, 2010). In addition, sedentary lifestyle has urged people to look for convenient places to exercise. Thus, Sports Fitness Centre, Mayfair London, should position itself as a Fitness and Health Club. 5.2 Marketing mix To develop the marketing strategy the essential of the marketing mix have to be evaluated. Product mix The product should satisfy a need or a want. The need at this moment is healthy living. Healthy living can be achieved through different activities

Albert Einstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Albert Einstein - Essay Example This only showed that Einstein's determination and intelligence that he was able to make his disadvantage an advantage for him to succeed. His never-say-die attitude should be imitated by individuals who want to succeed despite of difficulties in some aspects of their lives. Another is Einstein is a versatile contributor to human existence, with different contributions on different fields of study. Although he is more known in the study of quantum mechanics in Physics, Einstein also has other gained spotlight in other areas like Religion, Philosophy, Politics, etc. The reason could be because of his gaining popularity which made him an important person to be consulted or be heard on several issues involving social sciences like Philosophy and Politics. Einstein knowledge in science made him invent things and technologies that are useful although some had produced harmful impacts on the human race like the nuclear weapons. Einstein is also notable for his contributions on the field of Mathematics particularly in Geometry. Einstein could have contributed more if he had been employed earlier which according to R. Archer (2005), took Einstein two years before being employed. His contributions also made him earn prestigious awards that only notable persons can attain.

ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) Service Desk Essay

ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) Service Desk - Essay Example They have, thus, transformed from having an IT centric focus to business service focus (that is organizations now adopt service oriented approach to managing IT services rather than the technology oriented approach) and this fact has affected the business entirely. (Knapp, 2010, p. 14). Furthermore, organizations have started to value the service desk and work on its expansion as it has given great boost and support to their business services and increased customer satisfaction tremendously. Brief Introduction of ITIL and Service Desk ITIL is among the many standards that provide best practices and frameworks to business professionals and organizations on how to manage, optimize and improve the quality of their business services through the management of IT services. However; such attempts have been made previously before ITIL came into being. So what is the difference between ITIL and other concepts before it? ITIL differs from other concepts because it contains all of the Service M anagement best practices along with the best practices related to the management of IT services for the betterment of business functions. ... (Grande-Bretagne, 2004, p. 3). ITIL was first produced in 1980. At that time, it had ten books which were on two main topics: Service Support (which is a user oriented point of interface) and Service Delivery (which is a customer oriented point of interface) . Five of the books targeted the former topic and the other five targeted the latter. The ITIL guidelines progressed and version 3.0 was published in 2007 that consists of five books which include Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operation and Service Improvement. All these five books discuss a total of twenty processes that can help to implement and manage IT services effectively. Also the functions that carry out these processes are discussed. In the Service Operation book, one of the functions discussed is the Service Desk function. The Service Desk function is a business function that involves all the ten processes that come under the Service Support and Service Delivery and thus it provides a sin gle point of contact from customers to the information technology. (Knapp, 2010, p. 129). Furthermore, all service requests, incident reporting, problems and changing of requests by customers/users of a business organization go through the service desk of the organization as it is the interface through which a user can connect to the IT Department of the organization. The service desk function in an organization binds the users with the service providers (IT department professionals) and through this function the service providers are able to perform the end users informed of service action and events that may affect their daily transactions and any other IT related issue. Hence, it becomes a single point of communication which helps in

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Ethical Dilemma Essay What Dr. Schneider is doing by putting crowns on teeth that could be treated with two surface amalgams is unethical. It is obvious that she is doing this to increase revenues during a downturn in her financial condition related to her divorce. Two surface amalgams have a long history for use for fillings for decayed areas of teeth and for general repairs of chipped or cracked teeth. Although its use is declining in the U. S. it remains the first choice for posterior direct restorations. (1) Other bonding techniques are now being employed by dentists in lieu of two surface amalgams that are gaining in popularity for esthetic reasons and because they use no toxic metals such as mercury. To crown a tooth requires a dentist to grind away all of the enamel of the tooth so a crown can be put on the remaining dentine layer of the tooth. This procedure is six to seven times more expensive than two surface amalgams or other bonding techniques to repair teeth. A general rule in dentistry is that you preserve as much enamel on a tooth as possible. So Dr. Schneider is not only performing a procedure that is unnecessary and expensive but is detrimental to the patient because a tooth’s enamel is being destroyed needlessly. Sharon should discuss this with Dr. Schneider and tell her that this improper, unethical and not in the best interests of the patient. If Dr. Schneider persists in this unethical practice then Sharon should threaten to resign and report Dr. Schneider to the American Dental Association and appropriate state licensing agents. (1) http://www. bethesda. med. navy. mil/careers/postgraduate_dental_school/comprehensive_dentistry/Pearls/Pearlsc6. htm

Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention

Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention Frances Roulet   Analysis case study: Vignette. In the process applying the six step model of crisis intervention in this case, the soldier deployed back home without no type of psychological and social support from the military system or his family. Therefore, there was no prior assessment before sending the soldier back home, and no assessment in understanding the problem itself (James Gilliland, 2013). The process of deployment when reintegrating a soldier back home becomes a major issue in mental health. According to Doyle Peterson (2005) soldiers that have been life threatening warzone when they are allowed to return home, and they are happy to return and see their families and friend, present problems difficulties in adjusting back to their community environment. This veteran soldier which arrived to his hometown, and who was never received by his family members because the military department in charge failed to notify his family and wife. Once he arrived to his hometown and faced the feeling of confusion and loneliness by not having family or military support. Even though, researchers such as, Demers (2011) acknowledge the struggles that these soldiers confront and develop symptoms of depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, [PTSD] symptoms and even suicidal thoughts when they are returning back home. Demer (2011) indicated that for a number of soldiers, the reintegration process becomes a challenge which might include a crisis of identity and feelings of alienation. Although, one of the first elements in contacting the person is the client’s name and introducing themselves in a non-threatening manner. The soldier caught by surprise every single person at his children school. Subsequently, the immediate response was to search safety and manage to call the Police Department as well as, the mother of the children to provide enough information in order to first secure the children and, then attempting to make any type of contact with the soldier and making him think he had control over the situation. Even if this was a momentary situation of the crisis. Once the safety of the children was ensured, as well as, the rest of the people; there is a need to continue assessing the possibility of physical and psychological danger to the soldier as well as to others. Wherefore, the assessment and ensuring of safety becomes a continuous part of the process of the crisis intervention (James Gilliland, 2013). While maintaining an open communication with the soldier in the process of crisis, support may be given allowing the soldier to ventilate his emotions, but also can be an instrumental and informational for the first responders (James Gilliland, 2013). Hoge, Lesikar, Guevara, Lange, Brundage, Engel, Orman, Messer (2002) explained that they consider that the risks factors of mental health problems, such as major depression, substance abuse, PSTD among others, may be presented after military conflicts, deployment stressors and exposing soldiers to combat, and, may produce an impairment in social functioning along with the ability to work; therefore, increase the use of health care services. Demer (2011) also indicated that these additional stressors can have a negative effect when military deployment occur when soldiers returns home and are not follow-up properly. For most of these soldiers, additional stressors, become a major difficulties and even distressing experience instead of a welcomed relief. One of the consequences of this distressing experience is the intense identity crisis, when military discharge occurs (Demer, 2011). In analyzing this case, the soldier could have presented psychological challenges when he was deployed to warzone, and as an immigrant in a different culture (home and host culture), he could have presented an acculturative stress. This generated a negative impact and reaction in the soldier which lead him to an identity crisis and mental health problem (Berry, Kim, Minde Mok, 1987). Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs explains different levels of needs that humans portrays. In a crisis intervention one of the first things to assure is the physiological needs, such as water, food, among other. The person will only be focusing on his or her survival. Nevertheless, security also becomes one of the most vital element when we are facing a crisis intervention. In this particular case, the soldier maintained his children and wife life’s threatened and also had the school personnel and coworkers of his wife. In fact, he killed several people in the process of his crisis. The soldier neglected taking care of his own security needs, referring to those things that the individual feels safe of harm. For example, belonging to the community as a member, therefore, protection is given just because the person belongs to this community group. Another vital need within this hierarchy, is the social needs as a human beings. This need encompasses companionship, love and affection. Once again, the soldier of this case, upon his arrival to his hometown confronted by the absentee of his wife and children and lack of support from the military system could not managed the transition of his deployment back home. This circumstances, detonated a crisis which lead to a fatal outcome for everyone. According to Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith (2010) when a person is exposed to combat, and have constant threats of death or witness to it, serious injury or witness to it become significant risk factors for screening positive for postdeployment PTSD among soldiers as well as, violence exposures prior entering the infantry. Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman (2004) explained that soldiers and marines presented new onset PTSD after returning from combat several months later. These investigators explained that in their study a 7.6% was revealed with probable new onset PTSD. In the soldier case, he definitely was presenting new onset symptoms for PTSD because he felt confused, abandoned without support and no communication. There is a probability that he might have been impacted and presented symptoms of PTSD before being deployed to Vietnam, and returned traumatized with his experience in Vietnam. References Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, (21): 491–511. Demer, A. (2011). When veterans return: The role of community in reintegration. Journal of Loss and Trauma, (16): 160-179. Doyle, M. E., Peterson, K. A. (2005). Re-entry and reintegration: Returning home after combat. Psychiatric Quarterly, 76(4): 361-370. Hoge, C., W., Lesikar, S., E., Guevara, R., Lange, J., Brundage, J., F., Engel, C., C., Orman, D., T. Messer, S., C. (2002). Mental Disorders among US military personnel in the 1990s: Association with high levels of Health care utilization and early military attrition. American Journal Psychiatry, 159: 1576-1583. Hoge, C., W., Castro, C., A., Messer, S., C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I. Koffman, R., L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1): 13-22. James, R. Gilliland, B. (2013). Crisis Intervention Strategies. (7th Edition). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Phillips, C. J., LeardMann, C. A., Gumbs, G. R., Smith, B. (2010). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among deployed US male marines. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1): 52.

Formation Hypotheses of White Mountain Magma Series

Formation Hypotheses of White Mountain Magma Series Julie Sophis Introduction A grouping of igneous rocks, similar in chemical, texture, and mineralogical features which come from a common source magma and are within a similar time and space when intruded are considered a magma series (Lachance, 1978). The White Mountain Magma Series, WMMS, is located primarily in New Hampshire with a few related plutons mapped in Maine and Vermont. This series received much of its recognition in 1956 and earlier (McHone and Butler, 1984). The White Mountain Magma Series has been placed as part of the New England-Quebec province, representing igneous activity which is considered to be of similar ages and similar compositions that stretches over an area of 300km by 400km through southern Quebec and New England (McHone and Butler, 1984). This magmatism of the whole White Mountain igneous province is characterized as A-type (Eby, 1999). In looking specifically at the White Mountain Magma Series, two distinct time frames of igneous activity are found, one older and one younger. The older igneous activity, referred to as the older White Mountain Igneous Province (OWM), dates to 220-155 Ma (Eby and Kennedy, 2004). Alkali syenites, quartz syenites, metaluminous granite, peralkaline granite, peralkaline rhyolites, and two areas of identified silica-undersaturated rock have been identified (Eby and Kennedy, 2004). There is an absence of mafic igneous rocks and this older area consists of multiple ring dikes (Eby and Kennedy, 2004). The younger igneous activity, currently referred to as Monteregian Hills White Mountain Igneous Province (MHWM), is marked at 130-100 Ma (Eby and Kennedy, 2004). The majority of the magmatism is dated to have occurred in about 125 Ma; however, younger outliers exist (Armstrong and Stump, 1971; Foland and Faul, 1977; Eby and Kennedy, 2004). This younger activity consists of mainly of mafic alkaline suites and felsic rocks in the intrusions and of this series, small plugs and ring like structures are both present with the most evolved rocks being syenites and quarts with occurrences of biotite granite (Eby and Kennedy, 2004). Many geologists have hypothesized the origin of the magma series. As advances in geological sciences have been made, along with advances in identification of rocks and dating, these hypotheses have evolved. Of these, one of the first major ideas include deep seated fractures in a northwest and east-west trending network that act as centers of low pressure and intrusions for melting (Chapman, 1968). A hypothesis of a hotspot origin has been supported by a greater range of geologists (Crough, 1981b; Duncan, 1984). A third major hypothesis to the origin of the WMMS involves rifting in line with the opening of the Atlantic (Foland and Faul, 1977; McHone, 1981; McHone and Butler, 1984). Since there is no decisive agreement on the origin of the White Mountain Magma Series, there have been advances in understanding the magma sources themselves (Eby et al., 1992). The evolution of hypotheses surrounding the origin of the magmatism in the White Mountain Magma Series will be explored in this paper. The evolution of thought with incorporation of geological advances will be used to determine the current understanding of the White Mountain Magma Series. Formation Fracture Zones Carleton Chapman was one of the first geologists to write about the formation of the WMMS. As published, it was postulated that there are two sets of deep seated fracture zones which form a lattice within the crust of the earth under the WMMS (Chapman, 1968). In this hypothesis, these zones had a lower pressure and underwent partial melting from which mafic magma intruded via rounded chambers and rose to the top of the crust (Chapman, 1968). The mapped absences of igneous activity were taken into account and justified to be due to inadequate melting in a particular region, prevention from overlying rock in allowing the magma to rise to the surface were it could be mapped, and that igneous rock could have been mistakenly missed in field work or covered by surface rock (Chapman, 1968). The lattice line structure proposed has little evidence to support it as there are no faults along the proposed structure of lines (McHone and Butler, 1984). Hotspots The hotspot model appears in a number of papers in which the WMMS is linked to a hotspot in with the North American plate moved over. An expanded version of the simple hotspot model has been made with the addition to support of the hotspot origin of the New England Seamount chain and the general movement of the North American plate over a hotspot (Crough, 1981b). In connecting the use of conodant, fission track, radiometric, and tectonic data, a hypothesis that this movement led to the regional uplift of New England was developed (Crough, 1981b). This uplift was at least 4km in comparison to the central Appalachian region (Crough, 1981b). Through the plotting of this data, the younger White Mountain Igneous Province forming via the Greater Meteor hotspot track is explained; however, the Older Igneous Province is not accounted for in this trace (Crough, 1981b). This argument has published faults; it is argued that due to lack of significant age progression there is a large data gap al ong the hotspot trace between the province and used kimberlite and seamounts (McHone, 1981). In addition to this gap, it is pointed out that although a portion of the data does fit the hotspot model, it excludes the Older Igneous Province, leaving many questions as to whether this is due to a mantle plume whose trace has been erased, later magmatism, or other events not known (McHone, 1981). . In support of the hotspot hypothesis in connection to the New England Seamount Chain, the use of radiometric ages of K-Ar and 40Ar-39Ar were examined (Duncan, 1984). From southeast to northwest there is an increase in seamount construction leading to the northwestward motion of the North American plate over a New England hotspot between 103 Ma and 83 Ma (Duncan, 1984). Fitting the seamount distribution with a volcano migration rate of 4.7cm/year, the ages align with a larger age progression from the Corner Seamounts, on the eastern end (70 to 75 Ma) to the younger White Mountain Igneous Province (100 to 124 Ma) (Duncan, 1984). The age-space relation used does not account for the Older Igneous Province, leaving a gap in the hotspot model (Duncan, 1984). Rifting Through the dating of 26 igneous complexes via K-Ar analysis, it was thereby ruled out that the single hotspot hypothesis can account for the full formation of the WMMS as it does not account for the spread of ages, a non-consistent time transgression from 98 to 238 Ma, nor does it account for the dates appearing to show more episodic activity than continuous (Foland and Faul 1977). The WMMS complexes were hypothesized to have originated along the extension of a transform fault during sea-floor spreading (Foland and Faul 1977). Arguably, the younger White Mountain Igneous Province and older White Mountain Igneous Province could be initiated and positioned along weak zones of deep-seated fractures, explaining their overlap (McHone, 1981). The overlap seen in mapping of the WMMS can be stress related to the opening of the both the central Atlantic and northern Atlantic and the gradual strain along the zones caused magmatism to decrease (McHone, 1981). The regional uplift as a result of the hotspot movement (Crough, 1981b), can be accounted for by the transfer of heat into the lithosphere by intrusions (McHone, 1981). In an argument against the hypothesis of weakened zones, it is stated there is no global relation between volcanic lineaments and surficial features, the majority of the dated volcanic lineaments show an age progression, midplate volcanism is not known to occur across the same lineaments at separate times, and lastly three major lithospheric faults four separate periods of activation would be nee ded to account for all features and data (Crough, 1981a). Elaborating upon the proposed hypothesis of weakened zones due to rifting (McHone, 1981), once the Atlantic had opened, a significant quantity of granitic magma and undersaturated gabbro-diorite-syenite were formed and hypothesized to be a result of melting in the thick crust caused by volatile upwelling or increased heat flow, thus creating the WMMS (McHone and Butler, 1984). The extended nature of the WMMS is proposed to be a result of mantle upwelling along and extensional fracture zone in which the WMMS is a reflection of the orientation and positioning of a deep basement structure parallel to the Connecticut River Valley and Lake Champlain Valley (McHone and Butler, 1984). At the thickest parts of this lower crust, partial melting occurred, crustal thinning and erosion were accelerated by uplift, and the WMMS was emplaced as the deep basement structures were technically active under the influence of mantle convection during rifting (McHone and Butler, 1984). Current Understanding From geochronological data, a thermal anomaly existed for an extended period of time under the WMMS (Eby et al., 1992). The mantle source, through isotopic dating, matches characteristics similar to that of oceanic island basalt source but determining whether that source a hotspot or from rifting is not known (Eby et al., 1992). In either case, it is proposed that the mantle-derived melts were emplaced into the crust at the base and by fractional crystallization evolved and this stage was interrupted and the magmas were moved to a higher crustal level where later evolution took place (Eby et al., 1992). The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP)which extends to the north and south on either side of the Atlantic Ocean where magmatism occurred at about 200 Ma and in Maritime and New England province (CNE)this magmatism occurred between 225 and 230 Ma (Eby, 2013). This magmatism is immediately followed by the older White Mountain Igneous Province (OWM) as it a distinctly different emplacement of igneous rocks, from about 200 to 160 Ma and then in roughly 122 Ma the Monteregian Hills White Mountain Igneous Province (MHWM),introduced displaying a greater range of diverse rocks (Eby, 2013). The rarity of mafic rocks in the OWN negates any direct comparison with CAMP magmas; although, OWM samples have elemental and isotopic characteristics similar to CNE and MHWM which are drastically different from that of CAMP magmas (Eby, 2013). As mafic rocks are abundant in the MHWM and these magmas have been hypothesized to be derived from a depleted mantle source and are related by degrees of mel ting and crustal contamination, the same models can be applied to the OWM and CNE (Eby, 2013). It can thus be concluded that the CNE, OWN, and MHWM were all derived from a similar matching magma source and are representative of varying magma compositions related to variations in degrees of partial melting and crustal contamination (Eby, 2013). It is pointed out however, this does not link CAMP magmas to these three as it must come from a separate source magma and has a different history (Eby, 2013). Using the connection made between OWN, MHWM, and CNE, a step in determining the origin of the WMMS is to determine the origin of the CNE. The CNE magmas may the start of a plume origin for the CAMP magmas; however, because of the lack of relationship between the CAMP and CNE magmas this hypothesis is yet to be resolved (Dorais, 2005). In assuming that the CNE magmas were the initial magmatism in a plume event, then a composition of oceanic island basalts would not be expected; however that is what CNE I has as a composition (Dorais, 2005). Oceanic basalts have been hypothesized to represent the end of plume magma events and thus CNE magmas would be assumed to have to have erupted after that of the plume, not prior (Dorais, 2005). It has been concluded however, that the CNE rocks may represent pre-shield type magmatism prior to CAMP as it matches elemental characteristics of Loihi magmas which were precursors to the shield magmatism in Hawaii (Dorais, 2005). With these conclusions and the connections between OWM, MHWM, and CNE it is possible that the hotspot/mantle plume hypothesis has further support. Conclusion It is clear that there is no exact answer to how the White Mountain Magma Series was formed and how it was emplaced into its current positioning. I believe it is fair to say that the hypothesis of fracture zones under the province (Chapman, 1968) has little evidence to be considered a reasonable explanation. As to the debate over whether the WMMS is a result of a hot spot track or rifting due to the opening of the Atlantic, I do not believe there is a concise answer. Both hypotheses have what seems to be logical evidence for support while they also both have flaws and unaccounted for aspects. To determine one origin hypothesis, I believe it is relevant to continue work in looking at the larger picture of the WMMS and how it is similar and different to the series of the CAMP and CNE magmas. If additional connections can be made in terms of composition and dating models then additional progress in terms of origin of both the WMMS and the CNE magmas. References Armstrong, R., Stump, E. (1971). Additional K-Ar dates, White Mountain magma series, New England. American Journal of Science, 270(5), 331-333. Chapman, C. A. (1968). A comparison of the Maine coastal plutons and the magmatic central complexes of New Hampshire. Studies in Appalachian Geology: Northern and Maritime, Ed.by E-an Zen, WS White, JB Hadley and JB Thompson Jr., New York, Interscience Pubs., Inc, Crough, S. T. (1981). Comment and reply on ‘Mesozoic hotspot epeirogeny in eastern north America ‘REPLY. Geology, 9(8), 342-343. Crough, S. T. (1981). Mesozoic hotspot epeirogeny in eastern North America. Geology, 9(1), 2-6. Dorais, M. J., Harper, M., Larson, S., Nugroho, H., Richardson, P., Roosmawati, N. (2005). A comparison of eastern north America and coastal New England magma suites: Implications for subcontinental mantle evolution and the broad-terrane hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42(9), 1571-1587. Duncan, R. A. (1984). Age progressive volcanism in the New England seamounts and the opening of the central Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978–2012), 89(B12), 9980-9990. Eby, G. N. Ossipee field trip guide New Hampshire geological society. Eby, G. N. (2013). Post CAMP magmatism: The White Mountain and Monteregian hills igneous provinces, eastern North America. Eby, G. N., Krueger, H. W., Creasy, J. W. (1992). Geology, geochronology, and geochemistry of the White Mountain batholith, New Hampshire. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 268, 379-398. Eby, G., Kennedy, B. (2004). The ossipee ring complex, New Hampshire. Guidebook to Field Trips from Boston, MA to Saco Bay, ME: New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, Salem, Massachusetts, pp. 61-72. Lachance, D. J. (1978). Genesis of the White Mountain magma series McHone, J. G. (1981). Comment and reply on ‘Mesozoic hotspot epeirogeny in eastern north America ‘COMMENT. Geology, 9(8), 341-342. McHone, J. G., Butler, J. R. (1984). Mesozoic igneous provinces of New England and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95(7), 757-765.